Petroleum (crude oil)

— petroleum → made from remains of animal on the ocean bed → converted into petrolem form by pressure

— natural gas (methane) → made from remains of animal on the ocean bed → converted into gas by high pressure

— coal → remains of vegetation in swamps → converted into coal by high pressure

— petroleum → organic compound ⇒ made of carbons + maybe hydrogen

• made of many other hydrocarbons → compounds of only hydrogen and carbon

e.g.

Pentane (C5H12)

Cyclohexane (C6H10)

3 methyl pentane (C6H14)

Uses

— transportation

— heat

— products →

• plastics
• drugs
• makeups
• detergent
• fabric
• paint
• thread
• shampoo

Refining Petroleum

<aside> 📌 a non-renewable source

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— petroleum → compound of many different hydrocarbons

— separating ⇒ more practical → breaking it down into molecules of similar sizes ⇒ fractional distillation

Refining Petrol in the lab

— by using fractional distillation

• oils are heated up
• the ones with the smallest molecules evaporate and condense in the test tube first
• when the temperature reaches 100°C, change the test tube — this is called one fraction

Comparing fractions and their trends

— the larger the molecule:

• the higher the boiling point
• the more viscous (not flowy) it is
• the less volatile it is
• the less flammable it is

Examples